Many types of cargo are transported by ship, and one common type is break bulk cargo. This refers to non-containerized goods that are loaded and unloaded individually. Shipping breakbulk cargo requires specialized handling and often involves specific types of vessels. While this method has advantages, it also has some challenges. Please continue reading to learn more about bulk cargo and its unique shipping needs.

What Is Break Bulk Cargo?

Break bulk cargo is cargo that cannot be shipped in standard containers and must be loaded and unloaded individually. This type of cargo is often packed in very large, heavy, or irregularly shaped containers. To ensure safety during transportation, break bulk items are carefully secured to prevent shifting that could damage the vessel or other cargo.

Loading Break bulk cargo is more expensive than containerized freight due to the additional labor and time required for loading and unloading. Also, break bulk cargo is often perishable and needs to be shipped quickly. This requires vessels capable of handling considerable weight.

History of Break Bulk Cargo

While the introduction of containerization in the 1950s significantly boosted the efficiency of cargo shipping, break bulk cargo continues to be a vital part of the industry. Break bulk originated in the era when goods had to be loaded by hand onto ships, a process that was both time-consuming and labor-intensive. This method remained the standard until the early 20th century.

Today, break-bulk cargo is commonly used for transporting oversized or heavy items that can’t be easily containerized, including machinery, vehicles, lumber, and steel. It’s also utilized for perishable goods like grains and fresh produce that require fast loading.

To explore the evolution of general cargo handling and trade from break-bulk to containerization, refer to the scientific article on Springer.

Difference between bulk and Break Bulk cargo

Bulk cargo refers to transporting bulk cargo, usually in large quantities, such as coal, grain or iron ore. It is primarily transported by bulk carriers, in specialized vessels designed for large cargo volumes, although it can also be moved by trucks or trains.

Break bulk cargo consists of goods packaged in smaller units such as pallets, bags, crates, or bundles. These items are often versatile, and made of various materials such as machinery, vehicles, or wood. Break bulk cargo is usually transported by general cargo vessels, is designed to accommodate a wide variety of cargoes, and can be transported by trucks or trains.

Ships for Carrying Break Bulk Cargo

Break bulk, multi-purpose, and general cargo vessels are the ships used to transport break bulk cargo. These vessels vary in size, typically ranging from 2,000 DWT to 40,000 DWT, and come in different types, including single decker, tween decker, and box holds. Cargo can be loaded onto these ships below deck, on deck, or between decks (tween deck).

On multi-purpose or break bulk vessels, the cargo often belongs to multiple clients, and there is no need for a specialized terminal or berth—these ships can operate from any available berth. Break bulk ships are categorized into two types:

• Gearless ships, which lack onboard cranes and cargo handling equipment, can only dock at terminals equipped with the necessary facilities for cargo operations.
• Geared ships, on the other hand, are equipped with their own cranes and cargo handling machinery, allowing them to dock at any suitable berth for cargo operations.

The Advantages of Break Bulk Cargo Shipping

Break bulk cargo shipping provides several advantages, including the ability to transport a wide variety of goods, such as oversized and heavy lift items that can’t be handled by container ships. It is often more cost-effective than container shipping since container vessels require specialized equipment and infrastructure, which can drive up costs. Additionally, break bulk ships tend to have shorter transit times as they don’t make as many stops for loading and unloading, which is beneficial for time-sensitive shipments. The flexibility of break bulk shipping also stands out, as cargo can be loaded and unloaded at any port that can accommodate the vessel, without the need for specific infrastructure.

The Disadvantages of Break Bulk Cargo Shipping

Despite its benefits, break bulk cargo shipping has some downsides. It is labor-intensive, requiring significant manpower for loading and unloading, which can lead to delays and higher costs. Handling and storing break bulk cargo is also more complex than with containerized cargo, adding to potential delays and expenses. Moreover, break bulk cargo is more vulnerable to damage and theft compared to containerized goods, increasing the risk of losses for the shipper.

Break Bulk Cargo Packaging

Break bulk cargo can be packaged in several ways depending on the type of goods being transported. One common method is bagged cargo, where items are placed in bags before being loaded onto a vessel. This packaging type is often used for products like grain, coffee beans, and sugar, which are difficult to package in other forms and require protection from the elements during transport. While bagged cargo can be more expensive to ship, it offers added security for shippers concerned about potential damage during transit.

Another popular packaging method is crates and corrugated boxes. These materials are known for their durability and stackability, making them ideal for transporting large quantities of goods. Common items packaged in crates and boxes include furniture, appliances, machinery, and fruits. During transit, these containers are typically palletized to stabilize the load and facilitate efficient loading and unloading.

Barrels and drums are also commonly used for break bulk cargo, particularly for liquids and powders, though they can also store dry goods. These containers come in various sizes and materials, including plastic, metal, and wood. Barrels and drums are favored for their affordability and ease of transport, and their ability to be stacked efficiently helps save space during shipping. Additionally, they can be reused, offering a more sustainable packaging option compared to others.

Some typical products packaged in barrels and drums include crude oil, paint, alcoholic beverages, grains, flour, sugar, and coffee beans. To prevent barrels and drums from rolling when stored on their sides, heavy-duty wedges are often used. In some cases, packing material may be placed between barrels to prevent friction and protect the cargo from damage.

Break Bulk Cargo Loading and Unloading

1. Preparing the Vessel: Before a break bulk load can be received, the ship’s holds or storage spaces need to be thoroughly cleaned, washed, and dried to ensure they are free of debris and contaminants. This preparation is essential to prevent any damage to the cargo during transit.
2. Securing the Vessel: The vessel must be properly moored to a pier or anchored in a safe location to ensure stability. Once the ship is secured, the next step is to prepare the cargo. This involves ensuring that all cargo is properly packaged, labeled, and ready for loading.
3. Loading the Cargo onto the Vessel: The cargo is typically loaded using a crane or other lifting device, which places it in the correct position on the vessel. It’s important to load the cargo in a way that ensures it is secure and will not shift during transit, preventing any potential damage or hazards.
4. Securing the Cargo: Once the cargo is loaded, it must be properly secured. This is done by tying it down or using straps to ensure it remains stable throughout the journey. With the cargo safely in place, the vessel is ready for departure.
5. Unloading the Cargo: Upon reaching the destination, unloading is carried out using cranes or similar lifting equipment. The cargo is then placed in the correct location on the pier or designated receiving area to facilitate proper unloading and further transport.
6. Inspecting the Cargo for Damage: After unloading, the cargo is inspected for any signs of damage. If damage is found, it must be reported for proper repairs. Once the inspection is complete and any issues are addressed, the cargo can be delivered to its final destination.
7. Preparing for the Next Load: After unloading, the vessel’s stowage spaces need to be thoroughly cleaned, scrubbed, and dried to ensure they are ready for the next load. This ensures the ship is prepared for the next shipment, maintaining efficient operations.

Types of Break Bulk Cargo

There are several types of break bulk cargo packaging. Bagged cargo includes items like grains, sugar, and coffee beans, which are shipped in protective bags to prevent damage. Crates and corrugated boxes are commonly used for goods like furniture, appliances, and machinery due to their strength and stackability. Barrels and drums are often used to transport liquids, powders, or even dry goods like flour, oil, or paint. They are reusable and easy to stack. Finally, heavy equipment like large machinery and construction vehicles is considered oversized cargo that cannot be containerized due to its size and weight.

Break Bulk Shipping Process

The breakbulk shipping process begins with preparing the vessel by cleaning and drying the storage spaces to ensure the cargo will not be damaged. Once the vessel is secured at the port, the cargo is loaded using cranes or other lifting equipment. Care is taken to place the cargo in stable positions to prevent shifting during transit. The cargo is then secured with straps or other methods to ensure safety during transport.

Upon reaching the destination, the cargo is unloaded using lifting devices and inspected for any damage. After the inspection, the goods are delivered to their final destination. Finally, after unloading, the ship’s holds are cleaned and prepared for the next shipment. This process allows for the flexible transportation of large or irregularly shaped goods but requires more specialized equipment and handling compared to containerized shipping.

Need Help with Shipping Your Break Bulk Cargo?

Reef Shipping is a digital freight forwarder partnering with top global shipping lines. We specialize in safe, efficient break bulk cargo transport with a fleet designed for the job. Offering various packaging options and competitive rates, we provide affordable shipping solutions tailored to your needs. Contact us today for a free quote and consultation.